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spectrum of exchange rate regimes

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A fixed exchange rate, also known as the pegged exchange rate, is “pegged” or linked to another currency or asset (often gold) to derive its value. It chose to buy US Treasury Bills, and is now one of the largest overseas holders of US government bonds.When US bond prices fell in 2009, China issued a veiled warning to the US asking it to ensure that its portfolio of US bonds does not lose more of its value. A fixed exchange rate regime should be viewed as a tool in capital control. The main source of the exchange rate system followed by any country is the IMF’s Annual Report on exchange rate arrangements.A few countries (such as Micronesia and San Marino) select another country’s currency as legal tender. Sometimes, a fixed exchange rate is adapted to arrest the steep fall in value of the domestic currency. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:

Market forces determine the value of the domestic currency against a selected foreign currency. From one point of view of the bipolar view is the fixed exchange rate.

To make the country recover from recession, the standard fiscal response is to increase government spending.
If the growth of money supply in A is greater than the growth of money supply in B, then A experiences a higher inflation rate than B.According to the Purchasing Power Parity theory, the exchange rate is nothing but the ratio of prices between two countries. The European Currency Unit was the official monetary unit of the European Monetary System before it was replaced by the euro. If the anchor currency’s value drops, so does the value of the country’s currency.Market participants are unable to anticipate and manage exchange rate risk.It is difficult for the country to make changes in fiscal policy and still retain overseas investor confidence in the economy.

In practice, countries can and do fine-tune their exchange rate systems, and need not choose either extreme.Some countries (Canada, USA) consistently follow a particular exchange rate while others (Argentina, Russia) shift from one exchange rate to another.
But the US was on a floating exchange rate.However, when a country on a fixed exchange rate increases government spending, overseas investors may view it as a signal that the country may not recover from the recession. The specified band may be one-sided (+7% in Vietnam), a narrow range (+ 2.25% in Denmark) or a broad range (+ 77.5% in Libya).The par value of the domestic currency is set with reference to a selected foreign currency (or precious metal or currency basket) and is reset at intervals, according to pre-set criteria such as change in inflation rate.

The spectrum of arrangements runs more or less from a fixed to a flexible regime. The desire to hold a particular type of asset is driven by the perception of the asset’s future value. Both systems need not always be the same. This is what USA did in the aftermath of the subprime crisis of 2007.

India moved from a fixed exchange rate to a partially floating rate in 1993 and a full float in 1994.There has been a gradual shift from fixed exchange rate (and its variants) to flexible exchange rate. This is called Dollarization, since the selected foreign currency is usually the US dollar.The central bank of the country promises to convert domestic currency (on demand and at any point in time) for a pre­determined number of units of a specific foreign currency. So the fiscal policy response has an unintended consequence of increasing capital outflows.The official exchange rate does not adjust quick enough to reflect the new purchasing power of the country’s currency.A huge country on a fixed exchange rate, with massive surpluses, can destabilize the entire global financial system.
spectrum of exchange rate regimes 2020